Lesson XVI
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The aorist passive indicative and the future passive indicative are formed on the aorist passive stem, which appears in the sixth place among the principal parts. The fourth and fifth of the principal parts will be studied in a subsequent lesson.
The aorist passive stem is formed by adding θε to the verb stem. This θε is lengthened throughout the indicative to θη. Thus the aorist passive stem of λύω appears as λυθη-.
formed exactly as in the case of the imperfect (see §§124-126), is prefixed to the tense stem, and the secondary personal endings are added. These personal endings are of the active form (see §127), and are like those which are used in the imperfect active indicative except that in the third person plural the alternative ending -cav is chosen instead of -v. In the aorist passive indicative, the personal endings are added directly to the tense stem, without any variable vowel intervening.
The future passive indicative is formed by adding -σο/ε to the aorist passive stem (with its θε lengthened to θη), which, however, since the future is a primary not a secondary tense, has in the future no augment. To this future passive stem, λυθησο/ε, the middle primary endings are added, and the future passive is conjugated exactly like the future middle except that the stem is λυθησο/ε instead of λυσο/ε.
The aorist passive indicative of λύω is as follows:
A table appears here in the book.
The future passive indicative of λύω is as follows:
A table appears here in the book.
The uses of the parts of the verb which have been studied so far may be summarized as follows:
Formation of Aorist Passive Stems of Verbs Whose Verb Stems End in a Consonant
A table appears here in the book.
Before the θ of the aorist passive tense-suffix, a final π or β of the verb stem is changed to φ, a final κ or γ is changed to χ, and a final τ, δ, or θ is changed to σ. The changes in the case of π, β, κ, γ can be remembered if it be observed that θ is equivalent to th and that what the changes amount to is adding on an h to the preceding letters so as to make them conform to the th. Thus before th, p or b becomes ph, and k or g becomes ch.
Examples: The aorist passive of πέμπω is ἐπέμφθην, of ἄγω, ἤχθην, of πείθω, ἐπείσθην.
passive of a Greek verb cannot be formed with any certainty on the basis of general rules, but must be noted for each verb separately.
Some verbs have a second aorist passive instead of a first aorist passive. This second aorist passive is conjugated in the indicative exactly like a first aorist passive. But it has no @ in the tense stem.
Example: The second aorist passive indicative of γράφω is éypadny, ἔγράφης, ἔγράφη, ἐγράφημεν, ἔγράφητε, ἐγράφησαν. Aorist and Future οὗ Deponent Verbs
Some deponent verbs have passive, not middle, forms.
Example: The aorist of ἀποκρίνομαι, I answer, is ἀπεκρίθην, I answered.
Some deponent verbs have both middle and passive forms.
Example: The aorist of γίνομαι, I become, is either ἐγενόμην, I became, or ἐγενήθην, I became. ἐγενόμην and ἐγενήθην mean exactly the same thing, both the middle and the passive forms having active meaning.
13 entries
| Greek | Part of speech | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ἀναλαμβάνω | verb | I take up |
| ἐβλήθην | verb | I was thrown, I was castaorist passive of βάλλω |
| ἐγενήθην | verb | I becameaorist, passive in form, of γίνομαι |
| ἐγνώσθην | verb | I was knownaorist passive of γινώσκω |
| ἐδιδάχθην | verb | I was taughtaorist passive of διδάσκω |
| ἐκηρύχθην | verb | I was preached, I was proclaimedaorist passive of κηρύσσω |
| ἐλήμφθην | verb | I was takenaorist passive of λαμβάνω |
| ἐπορεύθην | verb | I wentaorist, passive in form, of πορεύομαι |
| ἠγέρθην | verb | I was raisedaorist passive of ἐγείρω |
| ἠκούσθην | verb | I was heardaorist passive of ἀκούω |
| ἠνέχθην | verb | I was borne, I was broughtaorist passive of φέρω |
| ἤχθην | verb | I was ledaorist passive of ἄγω |
| ὤφθην | verb | I was seenaorist passive of βλέπω; may also be regarded as aorist passive of ὁράω |
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| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
| a b g d e z | α β γ δ ε ζ |
|---|---|
| h q i k l m | η θ ι κ λ μ |
| n c o p r s | ν ξ ο π ρ σ/ς |
| t u f x y w | τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
| ) ( | smooth / rough breathing |
| / \ = | acute / grave / circumflex |
| | + | iota subscript / diaeresis |
Marks go after the vowel: type a)/ for ἄ, w| for ῳ. Sigma becomes ς at the end of a word.
