Present Middle and Passive Indicative. ὑπό with the Genitive. The Dative of Means. Deponent Verbs. Compound Verbs. The Position of οὐ. Various Cases with Verbs.

§109

The active and the passive voices are used as in English. The middle voice represents the subject as acting in some way that concerns itself, or as acting upon something that belongs to itself.

(1) Rarely the middle has the force which a verb followed by a reflexive pronoun in the objective case has in English. Thus λούω means I wash, and λούομαι means I wash myself.

But usually the force of the middle is much more subtle. Sometimes, therefore, it is impossible to make any difference in an English translation between active and middle. In the case of some verbs, on the other hand, the difference in meaning is so great that in an English translation it is necessary to use one verb for the active and an entirely different verb for the middle. For example, ἄρχω means I rule, and ἄρχομαι (middle) means I begin.

(2) The middle of λύω does not occur in the New Testament. But it is very important to learn it, since it will enable the student to recognize the middle of other verbs. The translations given in the paradigms for the middle of λύω serve to indicate, in a rough sort of way, the fundamental meaning of the middle voice, rather than the actual meaning of the middle voice of this particular verb.

(3) In the present tense the middle and passive voices are exactly alike in form, though in certain other tenses they are entirely distinct. In the exercises in this lesson, the forms which might be either middle or passive should be regarded as passive.

§110

The Present Middle Indicative of λύω is as follows:

1. λύομαι, IT loose (or 1. λυόμεθα, we loose (or am loosing) are loosing) for myself. for ourselves.

2. λύῃ, thou loosest 2. λύεσθε, ye loose (or (or art loosing) are loosing) for thyself. for yourselves.

§111

The personal endings in the middle and passive of the so-called primary tenses are -μαι, -σαι, -ται, -μεθα, -σθε, -νται. Between the stem and the personal endings is placed, in the present tense, the variable vowel ο [ε (ο standing before μ and ν, ε before other letters). The second person singular, λύῃ, is a shortened form instead of λύεσαι.

§112

The Present Passive Indicative of λύω is as follows:

§113

The present active indicative, λύω, it will be remembered, can be translated either I loose or I am loosing. The passive of I loose, in English, is I am loosed; the passive of I am loosing is I am being loosed. Both I am loosed and I am being loosed might, therefore, have been given in the translation of λύομαι (passive). But I am loosed is so ambiguous that the student is advised, at least in the earlier lessons, to adopt the alternative translation. I am loosed may mean I am now in a loosed condition, in which case it indicates a present state resultant upon a past action and would be translated, not by the present tense, but by the perfect tense in Greek.

Example: σώζομαι means I am being saved. It represents the action as taking place at the present time. It could also be translated I am saved in such a sentence as every day I am saved from some new trouble. Here I am

saved is present because it indicates customary action. But in the majority of cases I am saved means I am in a saved condition resultant upon an action that took place in the past. And in these cases the English sentence I am saved would be translated by the perfect tense, not by the present tense, in Greek. It will be seen, therefore, that the translation I am loosed for λύομαι, though it is not wrong (since λύομαι may sometimes be translated in this way), would be misleading.

The preposition ὑπό with the genitive expresses the agent by which an action is performed. This usage occurs principally with the passive voice.

Example: ὁ ἀπόστολος λύει τὸν δοῦλον means the apostle looses the servant. If the same thought be expressed by the passive voice, the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive and the subject of the active verb becomes ὑπό with the genitive. Thus ὁ δοῦλος λύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου means the servant is being loosed by the

§115

The simple dative without any preposition sometimes expresses means or instrument.

(1) ἐγείρονται τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου, they are being raised up by (by means of) the word of the Lord. Compare ἐγείρονται ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, they are being raised up by the Lord. The comparison will serve to distinguish ὑπό with the genitive (expressing the active personal agent) from the dative expressing means.

(2) ἄγομεν τοὺς δούλους μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτῶν λόγοις καλοῖς, we are leading the servants with their sons with good words. This example will serve to distinguish the dative expressing means from μετά with the genitive expressing accompaniment. The two ideas, though they are logically quite distinct, happen often to be expressed by the same preposition, with, in English. μετά with the genitive means with in the sense of in company with; the dative means with in the sense of by means of.

§116

Many verbs have no active forms, but only middle or passive forms with active meaning. These verbs are called deponent.

Example: πορεύομαι is passive in form, like λύομαι, but it is active in meaning, like λύω. It means simply I go or I am going.

§117

Prepositions are frequently prefixed to verbs. The meaning of the verb is modified by the preposition in a way that is often easily understood from the common meaning of the preposition. Sometimes, however, the matter is not so simple; sometimes the meaning of the compound verb cannot easily be determined from the separate meanings of its two component parts.

Example: ἐκ means out of, and πορεύομαι means I go. Hence ἐκπορεύομαι means I go out. But the meaning of ἀποκρίνομαι, I answer, is not easily derived from the meanings of its component parts.

§118

The negative, οὐ, precedes the word which it negatives. And since in the great majority of cases the negative in a sentence negatives the verb, the normal place of ov is immediately before the verb.

Examples: οὐ λύω, I do not loose, or I am not loosing; ob λύομαι, I am not being loosed.

§119

Many verbs take the genitive case and many the dative case to complete their meaning, where the corresponding verbs in English take a direct object.

Examples: ἀκούω τῆς φωνῆς, I hear the voice (but ἀκούω may also take the accusative); ἀποκρίνομαι τῷ ἀποστόλῳ, I answer the apostle.