Imperfect Middle and Passive Indicative. Singular Verb with Neuter Plural Subject. Uses of καί and οὐδέ

§137

As in the present tense, so also in the imperfect, the middle and passive voices are alike in form.

§138

The imperfect middle indicative of λύω is as follows:

§139

The personal endings in the middle of the secondary tenses are as follows:

A table appears here in the book.

§140

The variable vowel, as in the active of the imperfect, and in all three voices of the present, is ο before μ and ν and ε before other letters.

§141

In the second person singular, ἐλύου is a shortened form for an original ἐλύεσο.

§142

Great care should be taken to pronounce clearly both the long vowel in the ultima of the form ἐλυόμην and the accent on the penult.

§143

The imperfect passive indicative of λύω is as follows:

§144

Verbs which are deponent in the present are also deponent in the imperfect.

Example: The imperfect indicative of ἔρχομαι, I come, is ἠρχόμην, I was coming.

A neuter plural subject may have its verb in the singular. Examples: τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξέρχεται, the demons go out; ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ καλὰ δῶρα, these are the good gifts.

Example: τὰ τέκνα σώζονται, the children are being saved.

A table appears here in the book.

§146

The simple connective use of καί, where it means and, has already been studied. But καί has other uses. Frequently it means also or even. When it is thus used, it stands before the word with which it is logically connected. In the case of also, the English order is the reverse of the Greek order; in the case of even, it is the same as the Greek order.

Examples: τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἐγὼ λέγω, but this I also say; γινώσκουσι καὶ τὰ τέκνα τὸν νόμον, even the children know the law.

οὐδέ, like καί, is often simply connective and means and not or nor. But like καί it has other uses. It often means not even.

Examples: τοῦτο δὲ οὐ λέγω ἐγὼ οὐδὲ λέγουσιν αὐτὸ οἱ ἄλλοι, but this I do not say, nor do the others say it (simple connective use of οὐδέ); τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ βλέπουσιν οὐδὲ of μαθηταί, not even the disciples see the glory of God.

§148

Finally, καί... καί and οὐδέ. . . οὐδέ are used correlatively, and mean, respectively, both . . . and, and neither . . . nor.

Examples: (1) τοῦτο λέγουσιν καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ ot δοῦλοι, both the apostles and the servants say this; (2) τοῦτο λέγουσιν οὐδὲ οἱ ἀπόστολοι οὐδὲ οἱ δοῦλοι, neither the apostles nor the servants say this.